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Question #46382
The Question
A physiological shift occurs when a person transitions from acute, sudden stress to prolonged, chronic stress. Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes the regulatory pathways that modulate cardiovascular and metabolic responses during these two phases?
Options
- A.
The acute phase is mediated by direct neural stimulation of the adrenal medulla, whereas the chronic phase is mediated by releasing hormones traveling through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system to stimulate the adrenal cortex.
- B.
The acute phase relies on catecholamines transported via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system, whereas the chronic phase relies on glucocorticoids released via direct sympathetic innervation.
- C.
The acute phase is regulated by the medulla oblongata via the vagus nerve to rapidly increase cardiac output, whereas the chronic phase is regulated by the anterior pituitary.
- D.
Both phases require the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract to transport neurohormones that maintain elevated heart rate and stimulate glycogenolysis.
Check Your Answer
Correct Answer
Step-by-Step Solution
Explanation
How the Examiner Thinks
Regulatory_Failure
Understand how NOT, EXCEPT, and logical constraints are used to manipulate exam results.
Concepts Behind This Question
Epinephrine|Adrenal_Medulla|Cardiac_Output
Why This Question Is Tricky
Common Mistakes
Conceptual Pivot: Students often fail to distinguish between the anatomical pathways governing the two regions of the adrenal gland.
The adrenal medulla acts as an extension of the sympathetic nervous system (direct neural control for instant 'fight-or-flight' response), while the adrenal cortex is strictly under hormonal control via the HPA axis (hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system for sustained, chronic response).
Quick Facts About This Question
Question Information
| Subject | Biology |
| Chapter | Body Fluids and Circulation - Class 11 |
| Concept | Regulation of Cardiac Activity |
| Difficulty | 8 |
| Cognitive Load | 5 |
| Target Solve Time | 120 sec |
| Access | Free |